With satellite imagery increasingly being used for archaeological investigations The Morien Institute has decided to report discoveries in our Astro-Archaeology news archive
Likewise, many ancient legends that have previously been dismissed as purely “mythological” are now proving to be based on fact, and so The Morien Institute has decided to also report these new discoveries in our Astro-Archaeology news archive
Discoveries of meteorites in ancient ruins are showing that ancient peoples held these to be “sacred”, and The Morien Institute has always believed that ancient societies built megalithic “early-warning systems” that were designed to monitor comets and their debris streams. Therefore new reports of their discoveries will also feature below
Alongside these will be material about archaic astrological beliefs which were inextricably inter-linked with ancient astronomical science
New Astro-Archaeology & Archaeoastronomy Discoveries made in 2015 will appear below
as we encounter them …
“The Ancient Egyptian papyrus Cairo 86637 calendar is the oldest preserved historical document of naked eye observations of a variable star, the eclipsing binary Algol – a manifestation of Horus, a god and a king.
This calendar contains lucky or unlucky prognoses for each day of one year. Researchers have performed a statistical analysis of the Cairo Calendar mythological texts.
Their analysis revealed that the periods of Algol (2.85 days) and the Moon (29.6 days) strongly regulate the actions of deities in this calendar.
‘Until now, there were only conjectures that many of the mythological texts of the Cairo Calendar describe astronomical phenomena.
We can now unambiguously ascertain that throughout the whole year the actions of many deities in the Cairo Calendar are connected to the regular changes of Algol and the Moon’, says Master of Science Sebastian Porceddu.”
“An ancient Greek temple was built to face the setting full moon near the winter solstice, according to new research that sheds new light on the orientation of sacred monuments.
A new survey of the Valley of the Temples just outside Agrigento, Italy, reveals the 2,500-year-old temples were not deliberately aligned to the rising sun, as generally believed.
A variety of factors, not all of them being astronomical, inspired the ancient architects.
‘Alignment was widely determined by urban layout and morphological aspects of the terrain as well as religious connections’, Giulio Magli, professor of archaeoastronomy at Milan’s Polytechnic University, told Discovery News.
Known as the temple of Demeter and Persephone, the shrine is among a World Heritage-listed collection of temples that once stood in full glory in Akragas, later to be called Agrigento.
‘One can only imagine the spectacle at the temple. The full moon near the winter solstice – the longest night of the year – culminates very high in the sky and remains in the sky the longest’, Magli said.”
“The mystery of the Newark Earthworks – massive mounds built by ancient people who lived here thousands of years ago – lies in the movements of the moon.
One piece of the Earthworks is a giant octagon, large enough to fit four Roman Colosseums. Each of the octagon’s points lines up perfectly with specific times in the lunar cycle, pointing to the northernmost and southernmost places where the moon rises and sets.
‘The moon goes through an elaborate cycle, sort of like the sun, in that there’s a solstice and an equinox – it’s the rhythm of the year’, said Bradley T. Lepper, curator of archaeology at the Ohio History Connection.
The Newark Earthworks are the largest known complex of geometric earthworks on the planet, according to archaeologists. Radiocarbon dating puts construction at around A.D. 1 to A.D. 400, Lepper said.
They cover about 4.5 square miles, and about 7 million cubic feet of earth was used to construct them.
‘And keep in mind that they were building it by hand, with pointed sticks, clamshell hoes and baskets’, Lepper said.
‘And then, carrying those baskets on their backs, one at a time, to create this amazingly precise geometry and astronomy.'”
[The abilities of ancient peoples to observe the movements of various celestial phenomena and accurately incorporate them into their structures shows how advanced their thinking was. The “Newark Earthworks Center” does excellent work in detecting and sharing this knowledge – Ed]
“A mechanical model of the Universe attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician and polymath Archimedes has been reconstructed after more than two millennia.
The metallic globe, which reproduces the motions of the Sun, Moon and planets through the night sky, will be displayed for the first time at an exhibition in Basel, Switzerland, starting on 27 September.
The model, built by Michael Wright, a mechanician and a former curator at the Science Museum in London, is largely the product of erudite guesswork.
But astrophysicist Mike Edmunds of Cardiff University, UK, says that it demonstrates that ancients could have been capable of building such a device.
Modern scholars have generally assumed that Archimedes’ sphere — if it existed — displayed astronomical positions on a flat dial.
But Wright thinks that it was a 3D globe, and has built the model to demonstrate how it could have worked.”
Michael Wright reconstructed a fabled machine that Archimedes invented to model the heavens
[The exhibition displaying Archimedes’s device built by Michael Wright at the Basel Museum of Ancient Art and Ludwig Collection in Switzerland, “The Sunken Treasure: The Antikythera Shipwreck”, starts on 27 September 2015 and runs until March 27 2016 – Ed]
“Relics that are evidence of beliefs and rituals performed by inhabitants of the island of Bornholm before 5.5 thousand years have been discovered by the archaeologists from Warsaw during the ongoing excavations in Vasagard.
The research project is the result of several years of collaboration between the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw and Bornholms Museum.
As part of the agreement, archaeology students of IA UW come each year to the Danish island for excavations and practice their skills.
The study site – Vasagard – puzzles archaeologists to this day.
It was probably the site of a sun worship temple, surrounded by palisades.
This is evidenced by the entrance to the complex, located in the direction of the sunrise during the solstice or equinox.”
“A star chart found on the ceiling of an ancient tomb here was apparently based on celestial observations made centuries earlier in China, the Agency for Cultural Affairs said July 15.
The star chart in the stone chamber of the Kitora Tomb, a government-designated special historic site in Asuka village, was discovered in 1998.
The tomb was believed to have been constructed between the late seventh century to early eighth century, and is renowned for its richly colored murals.
The star chart features 68 constellations depicted with gold discs.
Three concentric circles, along with one representing the apparent path of the sun, portray the movement of celestial objects with the Polar Star at the center.”
Nabta Playa megalithic calendar in Aswan Nubia museum
Rawmbetz, Wikimedia Commons
“Nabta Playa is a remarkable site composed of hundreds of prehistoric tumuli, stelae, and megalithic structures located in the Nubian Desert, approximately 100 kilometers west of Abu Simbel in southern Egypt.
They are the result of an advanced urban community that arose approximately 11,000 years ago, and left behind a huge assembly of stones, which have been labelled by scientists as the oldest known astronomical alignments of megaliths in the world.
Some archaeologists believe that the people of Nabta Playa were the precursor civilization for the first Nile cities that arose in Egypt thousands of years later.
The ancient remains of Nabta Playa were first discovered in 1974 by a group of scientists led by Fred Wendorf, an Anthropology Professor from the Southern Methodist University in Texas, when they noticed potsherds and other artifacts sticking out of the desert sand.
Wendorf made several more visits to the site during the 1970s and 1980s, each time discovering something new.
But it was to be several decades before researchers discovered the dozens of stone structures that are known today, and began to realize the role and importance of these great megaliths.”
[This is an excellent, well-resourced, story about one of the most enigmatic ancient astronomically-oriented megalithic sties in the world to be discovered so far, and well worth a visit to read the full story – Ed]
“The tallest stone at Stonehenge points towards the sunrise on the midwinter solstice, according to a new theory from a steward at the site.
Historians have long known the circle of stones is aligned with the midsummer sunrise but Tim Daw says the tallest one is lined up with the midwinter sun.
It was previously thought the stone had been put back at the wrong angle when it was re-erected in 1901.
But Mr Daw, who works there, says his research shows its angle is deliberate.
‘The stones point to the midwinter solstice sunrise and midsummer sunset’, he said
‘This isn’t some nebulous sighting line on a distant star; this is 100 tonnes of stone deliberately pointing to the major event at the other end of the day the rest of the monument celebrates’.”
“Aboriginal legends could offer a vast untapped record of natural history, including meteorite strikes, stretching back thousands of years, according to new UNSW research.
Dr Duane Hamacher from the UNSW Indigenous Astronomy Group has uncovered evidence linking Aboriginal stories about meteor events with impact craters dating back some 4,700 years.
Dr Hamacher, an astrophysicist studying Indigenous astronomy, examined meteorite accounts from Aboriginal communities across Australia to determine if they were linked to known meteoritic events.
His study, published in the latest edition of peer-reviewed journal Archaeoastronomy, found ‘definitive links’ between known meteorite craters and local Aboriginal traditions.
One of the meteorite strikes, at a place called Henbury in the Northern Territory, occurred around 4,700 years ago.
Dr Hamacher said the level of detail contained in the local oral traditions suggested the Henbury event had been witnessed and its legend passed down through generations over thousands of years – a remarkable record.” [Read The Full Story]
“Located in the Mediterranean Sea are a set of Spanish islands known as the Balearic Islands. One of those islands, Menorca, is home to an impressive collection of megalithic stone monuments called the taulas.
The origin and purpose of the taulas is unknown, although they are the works of prehistoric humans.
There have been several theories surrounding the mystery of the taulas, generally focused on religious or astronomical purposes. Some believe they are a religious symbol.
Others believe the taulas served as a temple of healing.
Finally, there is a theory that the taulas were aligned with the movements of the moon.” [Read The Full Story]
“If you arrived at the Taj Mahal in India before the sun rises on the day of the summer solstice (which usually occurs June 21), and walked up to the north-central portion of the garden where two pathways intersect with the waterway, and if you could step into that waterway and turn your gaze toward a pavilion to the northeast – you would see the sun rise directly over it.
If you could stay in that spot, in the waterway, for the entire day, the sun would appear to move behind you and then set in alignment with another pavilion, to the northwest.
The mausoleum and minarets of the Taj Mahal are located between those two pavilions, and the rising and setting sun would appear to frame them.
Although standing in the waterway is impractical (and not allowed), the dawn and dusk would be sights to behold, and these alignments are just two among several that a physics researcher recently discovered between the solstice sun and the waterways, pavilions and pathways in the gardens of the Taj Mahal.
The summer solstice has more hours of daylight than any other day of the year, and is when the sun appears at its highest point in the sky.
The winter solstice (which usually occurs Dec. 21) is the shortest day of the year, and is when the sun appears at its lowest point in the sky.
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, a physics professor at the Polytechnic University of Turin in Italy, reported the alignments in an article published recently in the journal Philica.” [Read The Full Story]
“A multidisciplinary study of a geoglyph located atop a hill in Kanda in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), has unravelled a series of incredible features of the ancient structure, including the artificial construction of the hill an astronomical alignment with the constellation of Cassiopeia, which may point to a connection with Macedonian royalty.
The research was carried out by the SB Research Group (SBRG), an international and interdisciplinary team of researchers (from Italy, Croatia, Serbia, Finland and United Kingdom) that combines astronomy, philosophy, mythology, mathematics and physics in the study of ancient sites and temples in Europe.
The SBRG combined multiple methods, including infra-/ultrasound research, AMT measurements, binary algorithm synthesis from audio waves, data sonification, and dowsing, to study the ancient geoglyph and hill, which is located in the vicinity of the town of Sveti Nikole in Kanda.
The hill is an egg-shaped mound, perfectly oriented North-South, measuring approximately 85 meters (280ft) by 45 meters (148ft).
On top of the hill is a geoglyph of a giant symbol sitting within an oval ditch.
Intriguingly, the constellation of Cassiopeia lies directly to the north and stands vertically above the geoglyph in the skies zenith at sunrise on 21/22 July (the birth date of Alexander the Great).” [Read The Full Story]
“The Winter Solstice, which takes place on 21st December in the Northern Hemisphere, is celebrated in various forms all over the world.
In astronomical terms, this is the shortest day of the year, when the sun is at its lowest in the sky.
After the solstice, the days begin to get longer again, and it is for this reason that it was celebrated as the beginning of a new year by pagan cultures.
This monument is an astounding feat of engineering: dating from around 3,200 B.C. (that’s older than the Pyramids!) it is aligned exactly with the rising of the midwinter sun.
Above the entrance to the tomb there is an opening called the roof-box.
On 21st December, the light of the rising sun passes through the roof-box and travels up the narrow passage, illuminating the inner chamber.” [Read The Full Story]
“The shoebox-size chunk of bronze didn’t attract much attention when divers retrieved it from an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera in 1901.
Archaeologists on the expedition had their hands full with far more impressive finds, including life-size statues of warriors and horses, delicate glass bowls and scores of ceramic vessels called amphorae.
Decades would pass before scientists realized that the nondescript bronze – now called the Antikythera Mechanism – was the biggest treasure of all.
The device consisted of a series of intricate, interlocking gears designed to predict eclipses and calculate the positions of the sun, moon and planets as they swept across the of the sky.
The machine exhibited a level of technological sophistication no one dreamed was possible when it was built, at least 2,000 years ago.
Europe produced nothing to equal it until the geared clocks of the Medieval period, more than a thousand years later.
Some scholars describe the Antikythera Mechanism as the world’s first analog computer.” [Read The Full Story]
“The gateways of an ancient Roman fort in Britain are roughly aligned with the light from the sun during the summer and winter solstices – a design that would have resulted in a striking scene on the shortest and longest days of the year, a researcher says.
The fort had four gateways facing one another.
During the summer solstice, the sun would rise in alignment with the fort’s northeastern and southwestern gates, and set in alignment with its northwestern and southeastern gates, the researcher reported in the new study.
During the winter solstice, the sun would rise in line with the fort’s southeastern and northwestern gates, and set in line with the fort’s southwestern and northeastern gates.
‘Moreover, the four towers of the garrison seem aligned to cardinal directions’, Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, a physics professor at the Politecnico di Torino (Polytechnic University of Turin) in Italy, wrote in the study, published Dec. 17 in the journal Philica.” [Read The Full Story]
[Excellent graphics. Well worth a visit to the Live Science website, but I recommend that you also take a look at the original paper in the journal Philica which has many more images and diagrams along with a full list of references – Ed]
[In October 1900, Captain Dimitrious Kondos was leading a team of sponge divers near the the island of Antikythera off the coast of Greece. They noticed a shipwreck about 180 feet below the surface and began to investigate. Amongst the artifacts that they brought up was a coral-encrusted piece of metal that later archaeologists found was some sort of gear wheel.
The rest of the artifacts, along with the shape of the boat, suggested a date around 2000 years ago, which made the find one of the most anomalous that had ever been recovered from the Greek seas. It became known as The Antikythera Mechanism.
In 2006 the journal “Nature” published a letter, and another paper about the mechanism was published in 2008, detailing the findings of Prof. Mike G. Edmunds of Cardiff University. Using high-resolution X-ray tomography to study the fragments of the anomalous Antikythera Mechanism, they found that it was in fact a bronze mechanical analog computer that could be used to calculate the astronomical positions and various cycles of the Moon – as seen from the Earth: – Ed]
More Antikythera Mechanism Information & Commentary:
“The 2300 BC Event takes a new look at an old puzzle: what happened at this date to cause the various advanced societies on the Earth to simultaneously collapse?
Civilizations in Anatolia and Greece, through Egypt and the Middle East, and eastward to India and Central Asia were at their height. The collapse of these civilizations due to earthquakes and climatic changes has been mirrored by similar interruptions on all continents, in the Arctic, and extending to the Pacific.
The discontinuities have long puzzled archaeologists and historians. New religions and accompanying mythologies appeared at this time in all cultural regions describing bombardment and flooding from the skies.
Strangely, the dominant aspect of the mythologies, however, is the observation and worship of a ring appearing to surround the Earth, oriented to the two Ursa (Bear) constellations.”
“Some time around 2300 BC the Eath encountered a dense clustering of space debris, the early Southern & Northern Taurid meteoroid stream. The result was an intense fall of meteoroids, some of them sufficiently large to cause surface destruction.
Simultaneous with the meteoroid fall was a huge downpouring of water which caused flash flooding. Extensive destruction and loss of life resulted. An astonishing aspect of the event was the formation of a ring surrounding the Earth, reflecting sunlight during the day, hiding some stars at night, and moving around the sky through a 24-hour period.
Following the ‘main event’, there were crustal movements which shifted the location of water sources, and caused earthquakes which destroyed settlements. Abrupt severe climate changes occurred.”
“The Northern/Southern Taurid meteoroid stream is identified as the specific meteoroid stream that the Earth encountered at 2300 BC.
The Earth’s encounter with a dense cluster of large objects would produce atmospheric phenomena very different from the pleasant and interesting night displays of meteor trails that are within our own experience.
The rain of objects would have generated extraordinary visual and auditory effects combined with ground vibrations; and under extreme conditions would bring about severe surface destruction and loss of life.
The overall event was associated by the people with powerful deities and formed the basis for major religions. The mythologies and traditions are, in large part, the residues of those religions.”
Research in the field of neo-catastrophism and impact cratering has quickened its pace since the early 1980s. Scholars such as Victor Clube, Bill Napier, Mark Bailey, Sir Fred Hoyle and Duncan Steel claim that a more ‘active’ sky might have caused major cultural changes of Bronze Age civilizations, belief systems and religious rituals.”
“The ancient Britons were inspired by a profound knowledge of the heavens when they erected the monumental stones of Avebury.
Mann throws light on the motive behind the creation of its awe-inspiring mounds and megaliths by demonstrating that they were aligned to the cycles of the Sun, Moon and stars.
This book will help visitors and readers to see Avebury in a wholly new light – the light of the heavenly bodies that guided its Neolithic builders.”
“After rumors surfaced about the sun bisecting a petroglyph at Chaco Canyon, people never looked at the site the same again.
The discovery proposed a cosmology at Chaco, and the book looks at the people who lived in the San Juan Basin from 850 AD to 1300, developing an elaborate culture around the cycles of the sun and moon.
Anna Sofaer’s pioneering work on Chaco Canyon, a World Heritage Site, should be required reading for anyone interested in how the prehistoric people of the American Southwest conceptualized their universe and placed themselves within that universe.”
“Since the beginning of humankind, people around the world have had a strong interest in the powers and beings perceived in the sky.
This compelling short work helps students fully understand and appreciate the ways in which non-Western indigenous and small-scale societies perceive, conceptualize, and make sure of what they astronomically observe.
With its concise explanations of prominent astronomical phenomena, discussions of relevant crosscultural examples, and instructive suggestions for active field research, Patterns in the Sky is a unique and practical guide for doing ethnoastronomy.
In addition, Fabian offers exercises in observational astronomy with the naked eye so that students can get in touch with the cosmos and natural world around them.”
“Stonehenge has fascinated mankind for centuries, enveloping generation after generation in its haunting mystery. But while much has been learned about this ancient monument, the fundamental questions remain: Who built it? What was its purpose? How was it used?
Drawing on more than 15 years of research, John North has at last succeeded where others have failed. He comprehensively examines Stonehenge from all available angles — archeological, astronomical, and spiritual — and considers relevant research from other prehistoric remains in Britain and Northern Europe. He shows, for the first time, that the stones were not so much sighting devices as maps of the heavens and that the design of the monument evolved over thousands of years rather than conforming to a single original blueprint.
Such observations form the basis of deductions about prehistoric life and religion that will profoundly affect our understanding of who we are and where we came from.”
